Where to Find Good Topics for an Organization Essay

Where to Find Good Topics for an Organization Essay What You Should Do About Good Topics for an Organization Essay Starting in the Next 5 Minutes Thus, you commit to writing a paper of mediocre quality because you believe's the best that you can do with the time you've got at hand. No matter your plans after, being a fantastic writer and very clear thinker will provide you with a leg up your competition. Create an extremely basic outline, either on a sheet of scrap paper or only in your head, to aid you decide in what order to present your ideas within the body of the essay. It's normal for all of us to be extremely modest and not speak about our finest sides. An essay is a fairly brief bit of writing on a specific topic. It is a short piece of nonfiction writing. If you're stuck on the best way to compose an example essay, you can stick to a few basic actions to dig yourself out of the rut and compose an example essay that you are able to be pleased with. An exemplificati on essay is a kind of persuasive essay which uses examples in its body paragraphs to supply evidence for its thesis. What instantly makes the personal narrative essay stick out from the other essay types is the fact that it is written in the very first person. In the debut, the author attempts to communicate the principal concern of the essay. More important is to select an essay topic that you're going to be interested in writing with passion. Learn how to construct a text around points that you wish to make in essays. Be sure your critical essay doesn't have any grammatical errors. After you are satisfied, you're done and prepared to file your article to the publication. Want to Know More About Good Topics for an Organization Essay? If you've selected leadership as the region of your research but cannot choose the particular topic or the way to begin selecting then here are some topics to help you begin. For an expert, even the fantastic old Google Scholar is sufficient to discover as many excellent sources since they will need to develop a fantastic essay. Otherwise, there's a wide selection of exemplification essay topics to pick from. Even a fast search at Google Scholar results in as many fantastic sources like I need. Use transition words to get your text coherent and simple to read. Anyway, keywords will definitely assist you a lot without even consider the structure of your essay first. Quite a huge collection of topics it is possible to find here. What Does Good Topics for an Organization Essay Mean? In an effort to stick out among your classmates and receiving good grades, you will need to make sure that the topic you will write about is interesting enough to impress your professor. It's important to compose an essay that could stick out amongst the crowd of applicants. Don't forget, all type of activities you're speaking about in the essay must be associated with the scholarship program. If you're sending exactly the same essay to numerous schools, the cover letter is a chance to tailor the essay to the institution to which you're applying. Top Good Topics for an Organization Essay Choices Read the job on which you're writing your insight paper. Everyone will probably be working off the exact same prompt, so you are going to want to be certain your essay stands out, gets right to the point, and doesn't waste any of the reader's time. So when you're writing an essay, you're harnessing the complete might of culture to your life. A perspective essay is a chance to voice your ideas and opinions on a particular topic. Good Topics for an Organization Essay and Good Topics for an Organization Essay - The Perfect Combination Each body paragraph presents a slice of evidence as a portion of the essay general argument. A thesis statement is frequently the previous sentence in an introduction. The essay has to be a whole argument, with a strong start, middle and end. To make it simpler for you to compose a vital analysis essay, we've got a very helpful analysis writing template that will direct you through the most crucial points. New Questions About Good Topics for an Organization Essay Inside my opinion, each communication is a chance for individual growth. I t's also worth to mention ways to contribute to that organization. Your organization can inform you whether you're analyzing. Want to Know More About Good Topics for an Organization Essay? You can't write a great essay in a rush and a half before the exam end understand that you can't finish it. Bear in mind your teacher would be happier if you wrote a high quality paper no matter the sum of paragraphs it contains.

Media Representation of Gender Roles - 1954 Words

Historically, social and feminist scholars have focused on media representations of gender roles and how they affect the lived experiences of women (Green, 2013; Soulliere, 2006). Gender is widely considered to be a cultural rather than strictly biological creation, and it is often constructed and represented through popular culture media such as advertisements, magazines, and television (Soulliere, 2006). While women have made great strides in expanding the culturally acceptable definition of femininity (or femininities), masculinity continues to be narrowly defined and policed by society (Soulliere, 2006; Tragos, 2009). This evidence of asymmetrical change in popular culture gender role portrayals suggests that more effort should be given to examining the representation of men and masculinities in media, and its influence on the lived experience of men. Media is responsible for disseminating many messages about gender via gendered presentations, and plays a key role in perpetuating a dominant hegemonic masculinity, all while discouraging alternative masculinities (Soulliere, 2006). The dominant hegemonic masculinity reflects the cultural ideal and normative definition of manhood in North American society, and is often characterized and conceptualized by violence, aggression, emotional restraint, toughness, risk-taking, physical strength, power, competitiveness, and achievement (Soulliere, 2006). Media representations of gender in North American both reflect the dominantShow MoreRelatedEffect Of Gender And Gender Representation On Media1735 Words   |  7 PagesThe effect of gender and gender representation in media has been widely researched in various academic disciplines, including anthropology and communication studies. Similar gender role expectations are not just restricted to Western culture either. A study on gender represen tation in East Asian advertising by Michael Prieler is a demonstration of the influence of gendered communication. The research examines the male and female representation in the advertising of East Asian countries like HongRead MoreMedia Representation Of The Media1149 Words   |  5 Pagesperson in the world has some access to media. Whether it is through electronics like social media or the internet, or through printed media, it shapes a person’s view on many aspects of society. Media represents a vast array of societal issues. â€Å"Media representation is a way in which the media portrays groups, communities, experiences, ideas or topics from a particular ideological or vale perspective† (Beach). One of the bigger issues media portrays is gender. In today’s culture the issue of the differenceRead MoreInfluence Of The Advertising Media On Gender And Representation Of Stereotypes1173 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract The advertising media often stereotypes gender roles either for added effects or for humor. Repeated use of these role-plays reinforces the public’s perception about how men and women should behave. This also shapes the expectations that society has towards them. The manipulation of these stereotypes by the media is an unconscious byproduct of the thinking of most men and women about what roles each gender should play. Deterministic theories emphasize that men and women evolve differentlyRead MoreMedia s Influence On Gender Relations And Sexuality1230 Words   |  5 PagesHistorically, media represented gender and sexuality in the way that matched the dominant public view and mirrors the evolution of gender-related biases and stereotypes and views on sexuality. In the course of time, gender relations and sexuality evolved and changed and all these changes found their reflection in mass media (Bonvillain, 1995, 210). Mass media, in their turn, portrayed gender relations and s exuality according to the dominant cultural view on gender relations and sexuality. This isRead MoreManifestation of Latin-American Gender Roles in American Media1220 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Manifestation of Latin Gender Roles in American Media Objective The objective of this study is to examine the manifestation of Latin gender roles in American Media. Towards this end, this study will examine the literature in this area of inquiry. Introduction Gender roles are reported to be generally defined as sex-based categories that specify appropriate rules of conduct for males and females in a particular culture or society. Although grounded in biological differences between males andRead MoreThe Portrayal Of Children s Books918 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Children are highly acquiescent, and as such the media they consume is highly important in their socialization. Taking into consideration the ubiquity of media and the degree to which it is entwined in the lives of children, it is important that we be concerned with the themes presented in children’s media – including books. As noted by Taylor (2003), Children s books are an important cultural mechanism for teaching children gender roles. If children are exposed to stereotypical images in children’sRead MoreGender And The Media By Rosalind Gill1596 Words   |  7 PagesBook Review of Gender and the Media by Rosalind Gill Gender and the Media by Rosalind Gill addresses gender stereotypes that are brought onto women and men through the media resulting in objectification and subjectification. Gill discusses how the representation of gender is altered as a result of the media in Western societies. Gender and the Media is aimed to address the rapid transmission of media and how those changes affect the construction of feminine and masculine gender roles in society. GillRead MoreThe Representation Of The Male Image936 Words   |  4 Pageswhich in turn influences societal values. Thus, the male gender stereotype has been circulated throughout media as showing how men are supposed to be and are looked down upon as feminine if they lack one of these stereotypes. According to cultural sociologist Stuart Hall, the act of creating stereotypes is through representation. Representation is how one makes sense of the world through the use of their own â€Å"conceptual map† (Hall, Representation, 2). Thus, stereotypes are a way in which people viewRead MoreAnalysis Of Julia Gillard s Misogyny Speech 918 Words   |  4 Pagessystematic gender bias present in the Australian psyche. The ‘misogyny speech’ was launched against the then Opposition Leader Tony Abbott, highlighting sexist and misogynistic observations the leader had made in the past. Since the second-wave feminist movement of the 1970s, renowned commentators have discussed the negative contrast between the depiction of men and women in the public sphere. Examining the representation of women in politics, combined with their negative portrayal in the media, it isRead MoreGender Stereotyping : A Televised Media Sports Coverage1332 Words   |  6 Pages Gender Stereotyping in Internationally Televised Media Sports Coverage Anonymous University of Arizonaâ€Æ' Abstract Sports fans usually acknowledge various sports through different mass media outlets. To develop our comprehension of social qualities inserted in sports and to investigate current values and power structures in regards to men and women, it is important to explore the potential impact that media may have in manipulating conventions about gender-appropriate sport conduct. One question

Music Paper Essay Example For Students

Music Paper Essay Although they were singing chapel, they were keeping rhythm really well. I was extremely impressed by that fact alone. The only instrument they were using was a pitch pipe to identify the starting note of the song. The quartet briefly explained that pitch pipes are used to help them harmonize and stay in key. The information I learned about the four-part harmony really surprised me. From what they told us, there four parts of a four-art harmony include the lead, tenor, baritone and bass. The ladies also explained that the three types of harmony, choral harmony, Jazz armory, and barbershop harmony, create a triangle shape and that barbershop harmony is located at the top of the shape. As they were singing, I found it difficult to identify who was singing which part unless I focused on one person at a time. The group member singing the lead was singing the melody of the song. The tenor sang above the melody, the bass below the melody, and the baritone completed the chord. To be honest, I was blown away that the eldest lady in the group was singing the part of the bass. They sang a variety of songs and even though some were faster than others, they all had a very interesting tempo. Even the slower song that they sang had quicker syllables and transitions included in it, which I thought was an interesting dynamic. I enjoyed watching the quartet so much because it was clear that they wasnt anything else they would rather be doing. The first song they sang was my favorite one. The song was titled Lollipop, and I recognized it from a commercial I use to see on TV all the time. They would add little funny things throughout the song to make it more theatrical and the entire class would laugh. One of the ladies would make a popping noise with her mouth at Just the right time, and the bass singer would sing bad dump dump dump dump in an extremely low voice, which was beyond entertaining. I sincerely loved every part of the quartets performance. My favorite part, though, was when they divided the class into four sections, and taught each section a different harmonize part. It was a fun, unexpected activity and even though we didnt sound good, it was obvious that the class enjoyed the experience. I also appreciated the members of the group introducing themselves and telling us how long theyd been part of the barbershop genre. Before this concert, I had never really thought about quartets, or about that level of harmonize. It was refreshing to know that they are keeping such an old type of music alive, and that they enjoy every minute of it. The barber shop Music Paper 2 By tallish 1 in something I had never been interested in before.

Mass Sixth Extinction and How it is Unnatural Essays - Biology

Mass Sixth Extinction and How it is Unnatural After roughly 3.5 billion years of evolution, a vanishing of it all is rapidly approaching. The Earth has seen such a calamitous mass extinction events before. In the last approximate 540 million years; the Earth has seen five major mass extinctions. These occurrences are so extraordinary that they are known as the "Big Five." However, this period, the Holocene Era, may soon be known as the Earth's "sixth mass extinction". The Holocene extinction is in progress and it is said that it will be unlike any other mass extinction. Opposing all the previous extinctions that have been driven by natural environmental changes or catastrophic asteroid impacts, the Holocene extinction will be linked to biodiversity loss due to human action.Whether people believe that we are facing a mass extinction at this time or not, the fact that the Earths biodiversity loss is unquestionable. Since the year 1500, more than 320 terrestrial vertebrates have become extinct. Studies propose the lingering terrest rial vertebrate populations that survived the extinctions have revealed a twenty-five percent average deterioration in abundance. All of this data and decline are linked to humans. Earth's biodiversity involves all the varieties of plants, animals, and other living things in the world. All that lives in the Earth's biodiversity is part of the network of life. From every species of foliage and every creature on Earth, each have a place and plays a dynamic part in the circle of life. Plants, animals, and insects all interrelate and depend upon one another for what each offer, such as food, housing, oxygen, and soil enrichment. However, humans are over using resources, destroying habitats, familiarizing non-native species, scattering pathogens, slaughter species directly, and shifting global climate. All of these things, including several more, are now instigating the sixth mass extinction through humans' violations on the Earth's biodiversity. The major stimulus of Earth's ongoing ha rm of biodiversity is overpopulation. Currently, there are over seven billion people on Earth, and roughly 227,000 are added daily. Subsequently, with a rising population means an increasing need for resources to accommodate the inhabitants. What Is Biodiversity states that "Humans annually consume forty-two percent of the Earth's terrestrial net primary productivity, thirty percent of its marine net primary productivity, and fifty percent of its fresh water. Additionally, "Forty percent of the planet's land is devoted to human food production and fifty percent of the planet's land mass has been transformed for human use." While the human population is budding, the other species are vanishing 1,000 to 10,000 times faster than the ordinary amount. Earth's aquatic biodiversity and water structure is also suffering due to the current loss of biodiversity. Earth's oceans are the world's main source of food. However, over the last 60 years the stock of large fish has dropped by ninety pe rcent. Around 1.2 billion people consume fish as their main source of protein. Over fishing is the main cause in the sharp drop in numbers of fish. In fact, Lee and Safina states, "Long-line fishing vessels deploys approximately 1.4 billion hooks a year, and trawling vessels cast nets with openings up to the size of 4 football fields." The issues confronting aquatic biodiversity is also the same problem distressing land dwelling species biodiversity. If a species' population is depleted to low points that the species' part as prey, predator, and/or competitor is affected; it is extremely harmful and distresses the whole ecosystem. Fundamentally, all the species living in the same bionetwork will become naturally or functionally extinct; including to both marine and earthly life. The reason is because plummeting competition and/or predation, permits additional species to become more dominant in the ecosystem. Therefore, this disturbs the usual stability of numerical and practical ass ociations between species in an ecosystem. The overpopulation of humans, brings issues that affect biodiversity negatively. Human habitats grow with the swelling human populations causing more industrial growth, along with the spreading of diseases and pollution. In areas where there are high concentrations of people that leads to a large incidence of rodents, bringing high amounts of pathogens, meaning an upsurge in the risk of transmitting disease. In prominent manufacturing areas, there larger amounts of pollution, having an influence

Art Of Fly Fishing Essays - Fly Fishing, Recreational Fishing

Art Of Fly Fishing Essays - Fly Fishing, Recreational Fishing Art Of Fly Fishing There are six main elements of fly fishing; a fly rod (usually around 9 feet long), a fly reel (a round shaped real with a 1:1 relative ratio), a fly line (around 90 feet long), fly lining backing (fills up the reel and is spare line in case the fish takes a long run), a tippet to tie to the front end of the fly line so it does not scare the fish (around 9 feet of clear line), and a few flies (lures made from winding furs, feathers, glitter and various other things around a hook). Picking the right fly in itself can be made into an art. In fact interested enthusiasts often choose to tie their own flies in order to obtain the perfect fly. Aside from that, like almost any aspect of fishing, fly tying is a hobby. As I stated before fly-fishing differs greatly from lure fishing. One of the biggest differences, and adjustments to fishing style, is that it is not the sinker of the lure that provides the fisherman with the weight to cast, but rather that the fly line itself provides the angler with the weight necessary to cast. The easiest cast on a fly line to learn to cast on is a weight forward line. This means that most of the weight in the line is in the first ten or twenty five feet. This cast allows the fisherman to make short and accurate casts. This method has been proven very effective in clear water streams where you sight a desired fish to catch. Once you have obtained all the necessary equipment you need to locate a good fishing hole. (Even if you are with an experienced angler who has a favorite fishing hole it is a good idea to know how to read the river, because with time the rivers change, and if you are relying on a favorite fishing spot to always be there you may be in for a big surprise with the change of the seasons.) You have to remember that you are attempting to imitate food for a feeding fish. In order to do this you have to do two things, choose a fly, and choose a fishing spot. When choosing a fly look around in your environment to see which bugs the fish are feeding on. If you have trouble-locating insects shake a bush or a branch and note what flies out. Next you should observe your environment in order to see where the fish are feeding. If you are fishing in slow or still water it may be easy to see surfacing fish, however in faster water the ripples often make it difficult to see where the fish are seeking refuge. A good rule of thumb is to find a spot where the fish will be forced to excerpt as little energy as possible. This often means finding a rock and floating a fly right by it, or finding an eddy where the current is detoured and slowed. Now you are ready to fish! The first thing that you have to do when casting a fly rod is to get a nice firm grip on the handle. Hold the rod with fingers wrapped around the handle and thumb facing forward, like you would grip a golf club. Run about ten to fifteen feet of line out of the reel and let it fall to your feet. Make sure there is nothing for the line to get caught on or around. Now flick the line out through the rod with small flicks of your wrist so the ten or fifteen feet of line are lying out in front of you. Now raise the rod and swing it back to about one oclock, using your forearm and not your wrist. In about two seconds you should feel the line tighten behind you and the tip of your rod should bend back slightly. When you feel such resistance, push the rod forward and give a small flick of the wrist so that the rod ends up at about ten oclock. The line should speed out in front of you and lay flat on the ground. (Be careful not to hook yourself or others nearby.) You will soon find yourself performing trick casts around trees and mangroves. Remember

The Federal Republic of Central America (1823-1840)

The Federal Republic of Central America (1823-1840) The United Provinces of Central America (also known as the Federal Republic of Central America, or Repà ºblica Federal de Centroamà ©rica) was a short-lived nation comprised of the present-day countries of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. The nation, which was founded in 1823, was led by Honduran liberal Francisco Morazn. The republic was doomed from the start, as infighting between liberals and conservatives was constant and proved insurmountable. In 1840, Morazn was defeated and the Republic broke into the nations that form Central America today. Central America in the Spanish Colonial Era In Spain’s mighty New World Empire, Central America was but a remote outpost, largely ignored by the colonial authorities. It was part of the Kingdom of New Spain (Mexico) and later controlled by the Captaincy-General of Guatemala. It did not have mineral wealth like Peru or Mexico, and the natives (mostly descendants of the Maya) proved to be fierce warriors, difficult to conquer, enslave and control. When the independence movement broke out all through the Americas, Central America only had a population of about one million, mostly in Guatemala. Independence In the years between 1810 and 1825, different sections of the Spanish Empire in the Americas declared their independence, and leaders like Simà ³n Bolà ­var and Josà © de San Martà ­n fought many battles against Spanish loyalist and royal forces. Spain, struggling at home, could not afford to send armies to put down every rebellion and focused on Peru and Mexico, the most valuable colonies. Thus, when Central America declared itself independent on September 15, 1821, Spain did not send troops and loyalist leaders in the colony simply made the best deals they could with the revolutionaries. Mexico 1821-1823 Mexico’s War of Independence had begun in 1810 and by 1821 the rebels had signed a treaty with Spain which ended hostilities and forced Spain to recognize it as a sovereign nation. Agustà ­n de Iturbide, a Spanish military leader who had switched sides to fight for the creoles, set himself up in Mexico City as Emperor. Central America declared independence shortly after the end of the Mexican War of Independence and accepted an offer to join Mexico. Many Central Americans chafed at Mexican rule, and there were several battles between Mexican forces and Central American patriots. In 1823, Iturbide’s Empire dissolved and he left for exile in Italy and England. The chaotic situation that followed in Mexico led Central America to strike out on its own. Establishment of the Republic In July 1823, a Congress was called in Guatemala City which formally declared the establishment of the United Provinces of Central America. The founders were idealistic creoles, who believed that Central America had a great future because it was an important trade route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. A federal president would govern from Guatemala City (the largest in the new republic) and local governors would rule in each of the five states. Voting rights were extended to rich European creoles; the Catholic Church was established in a position of power. Slaves were emancipated and slavery outlawed, although in reality little changed for the millions of impoverished Indians who still lived lives of virtual slavery. Liberals Versus Conservatives From the beginning, the Republic was plagued by bitter fighting between liberals and conservatives. Conservatives wanted limited voting rights, a prominent role for the Catholic Church and a powerful central government. The liberals wanted church and state separate and a weaker central government with more freedom for the states. The conflict repeatedly led to violence as whichever faction not in power tried to seize control. The new republic was ruled for two years by a series of triumvirates, with various military and political leaders taking turns in an ever-changing game of executive musical chairs. Reign of Josà © Manuel Arce In 1825, Josà © Manuel Arce, a young military leader born in El Salvador, was elected President. He had come to fame during the brief time that Central America had been ruled by the Iturbide’s Mexico, leading an ill-fated rebellion against the Mexican ruler. His patriotism thus established beyond a doubt, he was a logical choice as the first president. Nominally a liberal, he nevertheless managed to offend both factions and Civil War broke out in 1826. Francisco Morazn Rival bands were fighting each other in the highlands and jungles during the years 1826 to 1829 while the ever-weakening Arce tried to re-establish control. In 1829 the liberals (who had by then disowned Arce) were victorious and occupied Guatemala City. Arce fled to Mexico. The liberals elected Francisco Morazn, a dignified Honduran General still in his thirties. He had led the liberal armies against Arce and had a wide base of support. Liberals were optimistic about their new leader. Liberal Rule in Central America The jubilant liberals, led by Morazn, quickly enacted their agenda. The Catholic Church was unceremoniously removed from any influence or role in government, including education and marriage, which became a secular contract. He also abolished government-aided tithing for the Church, forcing them to collect their own money. The conservatives, mostly wealthy landowners, were scandalized. The clergy incited revolts among the indigenous groups and the rural poor and mini-rebellions broke out all over Central America. Still, Morazn was firmly in control and proved himself repeatedly as a skilled general. A Battle of Attrition The conservatives began wearing the liberals down, however. Repeated flare-ups all over Central America forced Morazn to move the capital from Guatemala City to the more centrally located San Salvador in 1834. In 1837, there was a fierce outbreak of cholera: the clergy managed to convince many of the uneducated poor that it was divine retaliation against the liberals. Even the provinces were the scene of bitter rivalries: in Nicaragua, the two largest cities were liberal Leà ³n and conservative Granada, and the two occasionally took up arms against one another. Morazn saw his position weaken as the 1830’s wore on. Rafael Carrera In late 1837 there appeared a new player on the scene: Guatemalan Rafael Carrera. Although he was a brutish, illiterate pig farmer, he was nevertheless a charismatic leader, dedicated conservative and devout Catholic. He quickly rallied the Catholic peasants to his side and was one of the first to gain strong support among the indigenous population. He became a serious challenger to Morazn almost immediately as his horde of peasants, armed with flintlocks, machetes and clubs, advanced on Guatemala City. A Losing Battle Morazn was a skilled soldier, but his army was small and he had little long-term chance against Carrera’s peasant hordes, untrained and poorly armed as they were. Morazn’s conservative enemies seized the opportunity presented by Carrera’s uprising to start their own, and soon Morazn was fighting several outbreaks at once, the most serious of which was Carrera’s continued march to Guatemala City. Morazn skillfully defeated a larger force at the Battle of San Pedro Perulapn in 1839, but by then he only effectively ruled El Salvador, Costa Rica and isolated pockets of loyalists. End of the Republic Beset on all sides, the Republic of Central America fell apart. The first to officially secede was Nicaragua, on November 5, 1838. Honduras and Costa Rica followed shortly thereafter. In Guatemala, Carrera set himself up as dictator and ruled until his death in 1865. Morazn fled to exile in Colombia in 1840 and the collapse of the republic was complete. Attempts to Rebuild the Republic Morazn never gave up on his vision and returned to Costa Rica in 1842 to re-unify Central America. He was quickly captured and executed, however, effectively ending any realistic chance anyone had of bringing the nations together again. His final words, addressed to his friend General Villaseà ±or (who was also to be executed) were: â€Å"Dear friend, posterity will do us justice.† Morazn was right: posterity has been kind to him. Over the years, many have tried and failed to revive Morazn’s dream. Much like Simà ³n Bolà ­var, his name is invoked any time someone proposes a new union: it’s a little ironic, considering how poorly his fellow Central Americans treated him during his lifetime. No one has ever had any success in uniting the nations, however. Legacy of the Central American Republic It is unfortunate for the people of Central America that Morazn and his dream were so soundly defeated by smaller thinkers such as Carrera. Since the republic fractured, the five nations have been repeatedly victimized by foreign powers such as the United States and England who have used force to advance their own economic interests in the region. Weak and isolated, the nations of Central America have had little choice but to allow these larger, more powerful nations to bully them around: one example is Great Britain’s meddling in British Honduras (now Belize) and the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua. Although much of the blame must rest with these imperialistic foreign powers, we must not forget that Central America has traditionally been its own worst enemy. The small nations have a long and bloody history of bickering, warring, skirmishing and interfering in one another’s business, occasionally even in the name of â€Å"reunification.† The history of the region has been marked by violence, repression, injustice, racism and terror. Granted, larger nations such as Colombia have also suffered from the same ills, but they have been particularly acute in Central America. Of the five, only Costa Rica has managed to distance itself somewhat from the â€Å"Banana Republic† image of a violent backwater. Sources: Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962. Foster, Lynn V. New York: Checkmark Books, 2007.

Ethics of Biological Warfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics of Biological Warfare - Essay Example Contemporary wars are characterized by the use of biochemical and nuclear weapons rather than manual force. Thus, contemporary wars have erupted on all levels ranging from domestic to international. The increase of knowledge in such fields as nuclear physics, chemistry, biology and radiology has generated a fear among the scientists about the potential of the modified pathogens to comprise overwhelming agents for the warfare. This paper briefly discusses the history of warfare and the ethics of science’s role in the advancement of modern warfare in general and the chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) warfare in particular. The evolution of all sorts of weaponry can fundamentally be attributed to the dual-use dilemma. Researchers may not be intending to develop something potentially harmful, yet they assume great tendency to do so while experimenting with noble intentions. A research done in 2001 demonstrates the dual-use dilemma. In this research, the researc hers’ efforts were directed at creating a contraceptive vaccine for the pest control, but on their way, researchers ended up developing a bioweapon. Australian researchers hypothesized that introducing a gene that creates large amounts of interleukin-4 (IL-4) into mice would stimulate antibodies against mouse eggs and render the animals infertile†¦The scientists chose a benign mousepox virus†¦[that] killed all of the mice in the study. IL-4 suppressed the immune system, making it unable to fight the mousepox virus. With no defensive launched by the immune system the virus was 100 percent lethal. The virus was significantly lethal even in mice vaccinated against this particular strain of mousepox. (Nowak cited in Reyes). The same technique can be used for the humans since the human smallpox is equivalent to the virus of the mousepox. Before getting their research report published, the Australian researchers seeked guidance from Australia’s Department of Defenc e regarding their proceedings. Jackson, one of the researchers said, â€Å"We wanted to warn the general population that this potentially dangerous technology is available. We wanted to make it clear to the scientific community that they should be careful, that it is not too difficult to create severe organisms† (Jackson cited in Nowak). This also speaks of the fact that many techniques have been brought to the attention of the concerned parties by the scientists with the positive intention of warning them against such experiments. It is hard to justify the development of nuclear weaponry by any standard of ethics until one country developed it for the first time. In the current circumstances, its development is inevitable given some countries that possess nuclear weapons can not be allowed to rule the world just because other countries don’t have them. Countries need nuclear weapons not because they want to attack others, but because they need to be sufficient in thei r self-defense. A nuclear war does not make anyone succeed as long as both the countries are in possession of the nuclear weapons. Even if not suddenly, many abnormalities show up eventually. Citizens of Heroshema and Nagasaki have retained the effects of nuclear war in their genes and many have thus lost the tendency to give birth to normal children. International treaties to outlaw the biological weapons have surfaced from time to time first in 1925 and then

GM crops food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

GM crops food - Essay Example he customers or the industrial world consumers play a significant role in the GM crops food, as they are the potential basis on which the biotechnology organization can evaluate the effects of these foods on human health (Canavari, 2009). For the biotechnology industry of GM crops food, social media could be a better tool of communication as it will provide information to the public about his product, the services, and the enterprise itself. From this tool, the industry can get back the opinions from other people and try to rectify where critics are experienced. This can help the producers look into the health aspect of the food in a better way (Smith & Zook, 2011). Consumers on the other hand can use direct mails to the organizations whenever they find an issue regarding the product. This aims at making the suppliers to act immediately basing on the feedback from the customers. An example of a direct mail may be a suggestion for a certain method to reduce the health risks in the foods. Retrieved 2 Dec. 20120 from http://ic.galegroup.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/ic/ovic/ViewpointsDetailsPage/Viewpoints

The Importance of Expression Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Expression Essay â€Å"If all mankind minus one, were of one opinion, and only one person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind†(Mill). This quote, by John Stuart Mill, is a quote that I originally disagreed with. Before reading the essay, I thought on all of the different examples in which the silencing of a certain opinion can be beneficial to the masses. A particular example that still sticks out to me is the silencing of the Westboro Baptist Church, a prolific hate group known for speaking out against marine funerals and picketing tragedies such as the Sandy Hook Massacre. How could such a volatile group of hate mongers possibly have any right to such opinions? But after reading a few different essays on the subject, and applying the opinions and logic of the authors into my daily life and other real world situations, I came to the conclusion that all ideas and opinions should be openly debated, respected, and tolerated regardless of how society views the subject matter, so as to enlighten and instill progress in mankind. In modern times, I have frequently noticed how quick people are to jump down the throats of those who do not share their similar opinion. A good example of this is the group of people I hang out with, who are all extremely liberal. As soon as I would make any commentary against certain controversial subjects, such as Affirmative Action and abortion, my friends would immediately disagree with everything I say. Instead of using proper etiquette in their arguments, they digress to sarcasm, name calling, and bias. To them, silencing my opinion is more important than enlightening me, and even if their intentions were to do so, the overly aggressive way in which they argue is extremely counterproductive. It was almost as if they viewed me as immoral person simply because I did not agree with them on certain things. Not only is this mentality prevalent in small social groups, but across the world people are being jailed for having beliefs that contradict with the beliefs of the general public, and this is happening not only in countries that deny their citizens freedom of speech. In Sweden, four men were arrested for handing out leaflets that called homosexuality â€Å"deviant† and â€Å"morally destructive† (William). In England, a man was arrested for displaying in his window a 9/11 poster proclaiming â€Å"Islam out of Britain,† (William) and in France a man was arrested for writing an article debunking the plausibility of poison gas technology in Nazi concentration camps (William). It seems that, ironically, the more politically correct the world becomes, the more intolerant it is towards unfavorable opinions. The first point I have learned and applied to my life is temperance in arguments. In many cases, opinions are withheld because of the fear of verbal abuse, sarcasm, personal attacks, and extreme bias. Temperance is very important when arguing with another person, as well as a certain level of etiquette. The worst and most demeaning thing a person can do is stigmatize there opponent as an immoral person just because they don’t agree with them. Attacking someone you don’t agree with in this way may not be the same as taking legal action to silence them, but it is still a silencing technique none the less and is just as immoral. When you stifle one opinion in favor of another, no matter how ridiculous of an opinion it is, and no matter how certain you are that you are correct in your views, the supported opinion loses nearly all inherent meaning; it is passed to future generations who accept it simply because there is nothing else to accept. Not only are no arguments made against the doctrine, but no arguments are made in favor of it either. Overtime, people forget the beliefs meaning, its semantics are lost, and it becomes nothing more than a collection of fixed forms. An opinion is like a hypothesis; it is based on some fact, but must be tested repeatedly to see if it can be proven true. An idea that is not argued frequently and passionately loses its meaning, and people become apathetic to its cause. Another reason all opinions should be openly debated is that, although popular opinion on intangible subjects often contain most of the truth, rarely, if ever, do they contain the absolute truth. Sometimes a coalition of two opposing ideas can lead to a compromise that contains a more absolute truth. To accept that an opinion is false simply because everyone tells you so is complete ignorance, the same can be said about silencing an opinion. To silence an opinion is to assume that said opinion is infallibly false. Any person, group, or organization that claims to know such an infallible truth is ignorant indeed, because to proclaim an absolute truth, you must prove that the truth can be applied to every single situation regardless of context. To my knowledge, anything that is claimed to be an absolute truth, that cannot be physically tested, cannot be proven. For example, one may argue that â€Å"racial discrimination is wrong† is an infallible truth. Well I could argue that, in some religions, such as Rastafarianism, only allow people of a certain color, in this case African American, to join their religion. Would this make all Rastafarians who agree with this morally wrong? These is an example in which an unpopular opinion, â€Å"racial discrimination is not morally wrong† can be bogged down by social stigmas perpetrated by the media, but still contain a portion of the truth. Even though, in general, such a statement can be perceived as negative and immoral, its flaws do not outweigh the portion of truth contained within it enough to justify condemnation. A common complaint against my points would be the viewpoint on morality. In my essay I have defended every opinion that would usually be regarded as immoral. It would be wrong to say, though, that I am defending the actual meanings of these opinions, I am certainly not a racist bigot, but I am defending the right of people to have these opinions. So, why should hate groups, such as the Westboro Baptist Church, have the right to preach against so many principles that I hold dear? Through the readings of various essays in my HMXP book, I have learned that it is because of temperance. Without temperance, I am just as bad as the Westboro Baptist Church, when I chastise the arguments of my peers without having an open mind, I am just as bad as the media in today’s society, and when I try to silence others who are trying to voice their opinions, in a way I am just as bad as the governments in Europe who are preventing people from speaking their minds. If I can make an effort to change my ways, and make an effort to become less ignorant and open minded, even towards things that seem ludicrous or inane, not only will I be able to strengthen my beliefs, but I may also exchange old beliefs for new, more credible ones. All in all, if everyone in the world respected one another’s opinions, tolerated each other’s beliefs, and openly debated issues with a certain level of temperance, then the world would advance both morally and intellectually.

Nietzsche, Kundera, and Shit Essay -- Unbearable Lightness of Being Es

Friedrich Nietzsche saw himself surrounded by a world of human constructs. Humanity had become a herd, clinging to these concepts like cattle grazing at a favorite patch of grass. Individual identity struggled to exist. The morality of the mediocre reigned supreme. Nietzsche lived in a dead world. Milan Kundera lives in the world today. His world is dead much like Nietzsche's. Denial is the focal point of society. Society assimilates difference and denies what cannot be assimilated. In his novel, The Unbearable Lightness of Being, Kundera relies on the word kitsch to describe the force of denial. "Kitsch is a absolute denial of shit" (Kundera 248). Kitsch is an inescapable part of the human condition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though Nietzsche was not aware of the word, much of his philosophy is a reaction to the concept of kitsch. He wanted to revitalize passion, raw sensation, in hopes that he and others could transcend kitsch and relate authentically to one another: to be masters. Yet as Nietzsche attacks kitsch he also understands its necessity. He does not seek to destroy kitsch (like Kundera); he merely wishes to place kitsch in a new context, to put it in perspective. Many years separate the worlds of Nietzsche and Kundera, but the fundamental questions of their existential struggle seems to be the same: can one oppose kitsch and succeed, or survive?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before delving into the possibility of opposing kitsch it is necessary to derive a clear working definition of kitsch. This definition relies heavily upon Kundera's vision of kitsch, and, therefore, any argument presented to demonstrate authentic opposition to kitsch pertains solely to the following definition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kitsch claims to speak to some absolu... ...ore his readers is to accept shit as part of his philosophical answer. Works Cited Brown, Norman O. "The Excremental Vision". Life Against Death. Wesleyan University Press, 1959. p.179-201. Rpt in Swift: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ernest Tuveson, Ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Inc., 1964. p. 31-54. Kaufmann, Walter. Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Antichrist. New York: Meridian Books, 1956. Kundera, Milan. The Unbearable Lightness of Being. New York: Harper and Row Inc., 1984. Nietzsche, Friedrich. Beyond Good and Evil. Walter Kaufmann trans. New York: Random House Inc., 1989. ---. Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Rpt. in The Portable Nietzsche. Walter Kaufmann trans. New York: Viking Press, 1956. ---. The Will to Power. Walter Kaufmann trans. and ed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New York: Random House Inc., 1967.

Social Effects of the American Revolution

The Patriots’ victory of the American Revolution changed the lives of the colonists. The effects of the Revolution were both positive and negative. Women were positively changed because of the American Revolution. They obtained more rights; property rights moved within reach. Women were granted more than they ever had. Women, like Abigail Adams, hoped to have men remember that they had talents and abilities beyond those of a housekeeper. In addition to women, the lives of slaves were affected by the Revolution. Because many slaves had enlisted in the Continental Army, slaves in the north were liberated; however, the south viewed slaves as a necessity to benefit the economy and were not so generous in freeing slaves. Slaves that served with the British left with them at the end of the war. Many slaves left America and journeyed to the British West Indies, Canada and Africa. Although the Revolution positively affected the lives of women and African Americans, there were negative consequences for Native Americans. Because the Proclamation Line was no longer valid, white settlers rushed into Native American territory. The flood of settlers induced conflicts with groups like the Cherokee and the Shawnee. Since many Native Americans had joined sides with the British in the Revolution, America claimed that the Native Americans had lost all their rights. Because of this, Native Americans were considered a â€Å"conquered† nation. The Native Americans didn’t have a representative at the Treaty of Paris and felt that they were not part of the ‘surrender’ agreement. The American Revolution drastically changed the lives of many. It positively affected women and African Americans, but it proved to be detrimental to the Native Americans.

Aldous Huxley Essay

Aldous Huxley captures the effect of the application of scientific methods to procedures in the modern American society to a more substantial degree than ever, recognized by readers of his novel, Brave New World. This portrays a world centered around scientific progress and control. Huxley brings to light the extremity of influence given to Americans by revolutionary science. In an effort to forever improve, society has conformed to many ways of fixing imperfections. From surgeries and medications for honest sicklings to injections for greedy, pretentious abusers, people as a whole have transformed from the good ole days to the fast-paced, materialistic world. While discoveries in science are often for the benefit of society, is it possible that these newfound treasures are actually a preface for rot and ruin? Since most little girls could remember, the only way it seemed plausible to become successful was by living in the body of Cinderella or Barbie or Miss America. As they began to mature, nothing changed. The image remained as a beautiful bag of bones when media and celebrities were constantly thrown in their face. In the past, if they didn’t have â€Å"the look†, they were left hopeless and self-conscious. Thankfully, some idiot decided they would abuse the power of nature and science by providing these girls with an answer to their prayers. Plastic Surgery! What they didn’t account for was the impact. Now, not only were the glamorous allowed to have the image, everyone was-again, reducing the confidence in the female population and encouraging a new friend, bullying. Moreover, it is affecting the mental health of children in this conceited society. Surveys and recent research show that â€Å" Teens view plastic surgery as a way to fit in and look acceptable to friends and peers† (Plastic Surgery). How is it that society has allowed this damage to take place? The original intentions of these different types of surgeries were honest. Science isn’t the one to be held responsible, rather the insecurities of certain

Free Essays on Poes Masque Of The Red Death

Poe used the setting of â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† to depict an atmosphere characterized by a sense of inevitability of death and one of somber morbidity. He used the castle, clock of ebony, and the masked figure’s chasing of the prince to express the atmosphere in a detailed analysis. The castle provided a place for the story to unfold. It allowed the reader to interpret a sense of entrapment that carried into the plot. As the prince secured the castle, in an attempt to avert the plague of the Red Death, he was also eliminating any means of escape once the disease infiltrated the area. The prince’s solution to averting death was to seclude himself with his royal friends and celebrate with all of the amenities of being wealthy. â€Å"There were buffoons, there were improvisatori, there were ballet dancers, there were musicians, there was Beauty, there was wine.† However, in his naive attempts to lock himself in, the prince was allowing the deaths of those outside of his realm and locking himself out of the outside world at the same time. Therefore, as Prince Prospero put up the â€Å"gates of iron† and â€Å"welded the bolts,† he became a prisoner of sorts, without refuge. The castle was also depicted as a maze. With the disposition of the apartments being restricted, there was a single way out, through the black room. This disposition was representative of the stages of life. The sharp turns leading to a novel effect were the decisions one must make. Also, each room prohibited a view of the others, with the exception of only the following room. Therefore, one could not see the future, only the next phase of life. Although each room had a large window, one could not see the outside world. Because the view from the windows was of the corridors, again Poe provided a feeling of confinement. Each room, being of a different color, represented the phases of existence, from birth towa... Free Essays on Poe's Masque Of The Red Death Free Essays on Poe's Masque Of The Red Death Poe used the setting of â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† to depict an atmosphere characterized by a sense of inevitability of death and one of somber morbidity. He used the castle, clock of ebony, and the masked figure’s chasing of the prince to express the atmosphere in a detailed analysis. The castle provided a place for the story to unfold. It allowed the reader to interpret a sense of entrapment that carried into the plot. As the prince secured the castle, in an attempt to avert the plague of the Red Death, he was also eliminating any means of escape once the disease infiltrated the area. The prince’s solution to averting death was to seclude himself with his royal friends and celebrate with all of the amenities of being wealthy. â€Å"There were buffoons, there were improvisatori, there were ballet dancers, there were musicians, there was Beauty, there was wine.† However, in his naive attempts to lock himself in, the prince was allowing the deaths of those outside of his realm and locking himself out of the outside world at the same time. Therefore, as Prince Prospero put up the â€Å"gates of iron† and â€Å"welded the bolts,† he became a prisoner of sorts, without refuge. The castle was also depicted as a maze. With the disposition of the apartments being restricted, there was a single way out, through the black room. This disposition was representative of the stages of life. The sharp turns leading to a novel effect were the decisions one must make. Also, each room prohibited a view of the others, with the exception of only the following room. Therefore, one could not see the future, only the next phase of life. Although each room had a large window, one could not see the outside world. Because the view from the windows was of the corridors, again Poe provided a feeling of confinement. Each room, being of a different color, represented the phases of existence, from birth towa...

The Greek Colony of Miletus

The Greek Colony of Miletus Miletus was one of the great Ionian cities in southwestern Asia Minor. Homer refers to the people of Miletus as Carians. They fought against the Achaeans (Greeks) in the Trojan War. Later traditions have Ionian settlers taking the land from the Carians. Miletus itself sent off settlers to the Black Sea area, as well as the Hellespont. In 499 Miletus led the Ionian revolt that was a contributing factor in the Persian Wars. Miletus was destroyed 5 years later. Then in 479, Miletus joined the Delian League, and in 412 Miletus revolted from Athenian control offering a naval base to the Spartans. Alexander the Great conquered Miletus in 334 B.C.; then in 129, Miletus became part of the Roman province of Asia. In the 3rd Century A.D., Goths attacked Miletus, but the city continued, waging an ongoing fight against the silting of its harbor. Early Inhabitants of Miletus The Minoans abandoned their colony in Miletus by 1400 BC. Mycenaean Miletus was a dependency or ally of Ahhiwaya though its population was mostly Carian. Shortly after 1300 BC, the settlement was destroyed by fire- probably at the instigation of the Hittites who knew the city as Millawanda. The Hittites fortified the city against possible naval attacks by the Greeks. Age of the Settlement at Miletus Miletus was regarded as the oldest of the Ionian settlements, though this claim was disputed by Ephesus. Unlike its near neighbors, Ephesus and Smyrna, Miletus was protected from landward assaults by a mountain range and developed early as a sea power. During the 6th century, Miletus contested (unsuccessfully) with Samos for possession of Priene. In addition to producing philosophers and historians, the city was famous for its purple dye, its furniture, and the quality of its wool. The Milesians made their own terms with Cyrus during his conquest of Ionia, though they joined in the rebellion of 499. The city did not fall to the Persians until 494 at which time the Ionian Revolt was considered to be well and truly over. Rule of Miletus Though Miletus was originally ruled by a king the monarchy was overthrown early on. Around 630 BCE a tyranny evolved from its elected (but oligarchic) chief magistracy the prytaneia. The most famous Milesian tyrant was Thrasybulus who bluffed Alyattes out of attacking his city. After the fall of Thrasybulus there came a period of bloody stasis and it was during this period that Anaximander formulated his theory of opposites. When the Persians finally sacked Miletus in 494 they enslaved most of the population and deported them to the Persian Gulf, but there were enough survivors to play a decisive part in the battle of Mycale in 479 (Cimons liberation of Ionia). The city itself, however, was completely razed. The Port of Miletus Miletus, though one of the most famous ports of antiquity is now marooned in an alluvial delta. By the middle of the 5th century, it had recovered from Xerxes attack and was a contributing member of the Delian League. The 5th-century city was designed by the architect Hippodamas, a native of Miletus, and some of the extant remains date from that period. The present form of the theater dates to 100 A.D., but it had existed in an earlier form. It seats 15,000 and faces what used to be the harbor. Source Sally Goetsch of Didaskalia provided notes for this article. Percy Neville Ure, John Manuel Cook, Susan Mary Sherwin-White, and Charlotte Rouechà © Miletus The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Simon Hornblower and Anthony Spawforth. Oxford University Press (2005).

New Product Development is the Key to Apple's Marketing Success Coursework

New Product Development is the Key to Apple's Marketing Success - Coursework Example The latest product introduced by Apple is the iPhone 4S. Apple announced the launch of iBooks 2 for iPad which would feature iBooks textbooks, iTunes U application for iPhone, iPad and for iPod touch (Apple Inc-a, 2012). Apple aims to bring the best experience for its customers through its product and services. The business strategy of Apple is to leverage the unique abilities of designing and developing the company’s own operating system, software and hardware in order to provide its customers with superior products and innovative designs. The company believes in innovation which is the key strategy for the success of the company; as a result, Apple invests in its research and development in order to introduce new and innovative products. Apart from its R&D, the company also invests in its marketing and advertisement as a part of Apple strategy to stay ahead of its competitors. Apple strategy also includes expansion of its distribution network to reach more clients and provid e the potential customers with high quality of sales and post purchase experience (Apple Inc, 2011, p.1). New Product Development Any changes made to a product are termed as new product development. ... New product development is one of the key strategies of Apple; it is through new product that the company has been able to taste success being one of the leading companies globally. Apple launches new product in the markets to stay ahead of its competitors, to continue the product life cycle, to give the customers what they need, and to enhance the strategy. According to Steve Jobs, new product lines tend to give people the products which are needed by the consumers. The company expresses its vision with the help of its product, exciting the customers and making them proud of owing an Apple product. The life cycle of any product needs to be modified carefully. Apple introduces new product when its earlier products are entering the maturity phase of the PLC giving no or less chance to its competitors to stay ahead. Thus, with continuous innovation, Apple provides a huge competitive edge over its competitors and helps in maintaining its number one position. With its innovation strategy the company has introduced many new products and also planned to launch few more in the coming years or so. Apple has applied a strategy of continuously milking its cash cow and has done a fantastic job. Each of its products, ranging from the Mac, iPhone, and iPod has been fertile, speaking about leverage designs and supply chain. The main motive of milking its product is to stay competitive in the market. Apple product possesses elegant design which integrates software, hardware and its services. One of the closest competitors of Apple is Android which has come up with similar products and is doing quite well in the market. Therefore, Apple should constantly introduce new products with elegant design which is the USP of Apple for its consumers. Apple

Haircare Limited Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Haircare Limited - Case Study Example They include both present and future expected losses." (Cornell Law School) The torts may be classified as specific torts pertaining to trespass, assault, battery, negligence, products liability and intentional infliction of emotional distress. In the instant case study of Hair Care Limited this paper envisages analyzing the legal position with respect to the claim for damages by Joan, the claimant against the Hair colorant manufacturers Hair Care Limited and Barber, the proprietor of a hair dressing salon for the personal injury suffered by her by using the colourant manufactured by Hair Care Limited. The paper also discusses the liability of the hair dresser Barber towards compensating Joan for her injury and suffering. The instant case is because of the negligence of Barber, the hairdresser to advise the beautician or the customer about the potential danger of the usage of the colourant and the requirement that a patch test is to be conducted before use. Although, he was having knowledge of the potential injury he didn't care to advise the people concerned. Hence it is a case to be claimed by the plaintiff Joan under Tort arising out of negligence. The following is the discussion on some of the issues concerned with negligence and tort. Negligence is the most important tort in terms of cases and mon... Negligence may be defined as breach of a legal duty to take care, resulting in damage undesired by defendant to the plaintiff. Tortuous liability arises from the breach of the duty primarily fixed by law. Such duty is to care. In order to have negligence there: Must be a duty of care Breach of that duty Result in damage Breach of a Duty: "In many cases no duty of care has to be investigated because they are obvious. The question is therefore: is there s a breach of that duty. It is obviously a question of standards. The idea of reasonableness is linked with how people react." ("Jus" d'orange) Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks 1856: Negligence is the omission to do something which the reasonable man would do or not do something which the reasonable man would not do. Other factors in accessing that reasonable care are: Probability of the thing occurring Seriousness of the event at risk if it did happen Practicality and precautions Consideration of the social value of the defendant's activities Product Liability and Manufacturing Risks: A manufacturing defect will attract liability. In Grant v. Australian Knitting Mills (1935) Manufacturer of underwear out of wool. One of the products to clean wool is sulfate. Through an error, the garment bought by plaintiff was not washed off from sulfate. He was sensitive & washed them but not sufficient which resulted in huge dermatological reaction which almost killed him. Proceedings were brought against both the seller and the manufacturer. The manufacturer's defense was that it was the first instance they ever had any complaint and hence they should not be blamed. On the contrary they were really careful. The Privy Council said: one explanation is that an employee was negligent then it

HADRON COLLIDER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

HADRON COLLIDER - Essay Example The LHC is used by physicists in the recreation of conditions immediately after the Big Bang. This is done by the collision of the two beams at a very high energy. However, groups of physicists from allover the world then examine the particles that are formed as a result of the collisions by the use of particular detectors in several tests dedicated to it. There are several theories that describe the outcomes of these collisions. For long, the particle physics Standard Model has served scientists well as a way of comprehending the basis laws of Nature, however, it tells only part of the story. Only the trial data by the use of high energies that are arrived at by the LHC can be able to push the knowledge forward, thus challenging those that seek proof of the found knowledge, as well as those who tend to dream past the paradigm (Rossi 50).            Rumors from an internal memo has it that one of the CERNs Large Hadron Collider detectors has picked up some signals that could actually be the particle that has been sought after for a long period of time, which is known as the Higgs boson. Nevertheless, one of the major scientific objectives of the massive six billion Euros atom smasher was to demonstrate or confirm the Higgs bosons presence, a hypothetical practice that is believed to provide everything in the world or universe mass (Steiger&Uhl 73). Nevertheless, the particle is a critical part of the typical model that is used in physics in the description of the way in which atoms and particles are constituted. â€Å"Unconfirmed reports that physicians are currently working on the LHC indicated that the Higgs boson started circulating after a theoretical internal memo was published on the internet. Scientists quickly urged carefulness over the assertions as most particles candidates that appear in the colli sion tests at the LHC are

Telecommunication in the 21st Century

Telecommunication in the 21st Century Telecommunication in the 21st century have improved over the decade by the introduction of better techniques through which signals can be transmitted from a transmitter through a medium to a receiver. These techniques have improved mobile communications, satellite transmissions and helped to improve data security. Some of these techniques are amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), sampling and link analysis (SLA) and PCM. The acronym PCM represents ‘Pulse-code modulation’, which is used for digitizing analogue data, for instance, audio signals. This is carried out by sampling analogue signals at uniform interval and then quantized to a series of symbols in a digital code (e.g. 10001).Its technically a way in which analogue signals are converted to digital form. PCM technique has its advantages; It makes processing of signals cheap since PCM is digital. It helps to filter off frequencies above the highest signal frequency. Pulse-code modulation has been a form used for some compact disc formats, digital video and for digital audio in computers. In PCM, there are series of processed to be followed; Filtering Sampling Quantizing Binary coding Companding Filtering This is a process where frequencies above the highest signal frequency are removed. The reason for this is that if this frequency is not removed, problems would occur when going to the next stage of sampling. Sampling This stage of the PCM is performed through PAM (pulse amplitude modulation).It answer the question of how signals change from one form to another (analogue to digital). It makes use of the original analog signal and uses it for the amplitude modulation of a pulse which has constant amplitude and frequency, this constant frequency is known as the sampling frequency (i.e. the number of samples per second ).The sampling frequency have to be more than the maximum frequency of the analogue signal. To work out the sampling rate, Nyquist theorem is used; â€Å"That in order to be able to reconstruct the original analogue signal, a minimum number of samples had to be taken†.It could be stated as: Fs > 2(BW) Fs = Sampling frequency BW = Bandwidth of original analog voice signal Quantizing and Coding This basically means the converting of each of the analogue sample into a discrete value (in the form of a binary code) that can be given a digital code word. It is done by assigning each sample a certain quantization interval. The instantaneous amplitude is been rounded off to certain levels, this thereby introduces some uncertainties (quantization noise).This is given by this expression; Number of levels = 2 ^ Bn (Bn is the number of bits used in the encoding) It was proven from the experiment that the higher the number of quantization levels the lesser the amount of quantizing noise. However this process of increasing the quantizing level to lower the quantizing noise introduces complexity into the system as the PCM system would need to be able to handle more code word. Companding It is a word derived from the combination of compressing and expanding. This is another stage in pulse–code modulation. It is a process of compressing a given analogue signal and this signal is expanded to its original size on getting to destination. In this process, the input signal is compressed into logarithmic segments and then quantized and coded. The more the signals increase the more the compression increases. Since the larger signals are compressed more than the smaller signals, the quantization noise increases. This indirectly keeps the SNR (signal to noise ratio) constant. EXPRERIMENTATION AND OBSERVATION Apparatus Oscilloscope PCM ENCODER module Connection cable The experiment was carried out by sending an input (analogue message) into the PCM ENCODER module. This input is constrained to a defined bandwidth and amplitude range in order to make sure the Nyquist criterion is observed. The PCM ENCODER module looks like the diagram below: A suitable encoding scheme for the analogue sample is selected. For example a 4-bit or 7-bit encoding scheme. The analogue signal is fed through the Vin. For this experiment, the clock rate us 8.33 kHz TTL signal from MASTER SIGNAL module. Time frame is also very essential as each binary word is located in a time frame. It’s 8 clock periods long and has 8 slots of equal length (i.e. 0 – 7). The LSB (consisting of 1’s and 0’s) are embedded in the encoder itself. This is useful in determining the location of each frame in the data stream. Initially the 4-bit linear coding scheme is selected and patched up with the 8.33 kHz TTL sample clock.CH-2A displays the clock signal on the oscilloscope. The display below shows a 4-bit PCM output for zero amplitude input; Quantization in PCM ENCODING is the next stage after sampling. The quantization level is rather transmitted instead of the sample value. The quantization levels are binary coded (i.e. binary ‘1’ in the presence of a pulse and binary ‘0’ in the absence of a pulse) RESULTS AND OBSERVATION The output of the variable DC is connected to Vin and sweeping the DC voltage slowly forward and backward shows discrete jumps in the data pattern, e.g. The maximum voltage is recorded as -2.51V.Also increasing the amplitude of the DC input signal looks like the diagram below; Changing the DC voltage from the maximum to minimum gave a range of binary code variations as listed below; The following measurements were later made after recording the quantizing levels and associated binary numbers; Sampling rate – 16.6 kHz Frame width – 950 µs Width of a data bit 120 µs Width of a data word 480 µs Number of quantizing level – 16 From the measurement above it could be concluded that the quantizing levels are linearly spaced .The same process would be applicable to a 7-bit linear encoding using the toggle switch on the front panel, though it would take longer than the 4-bit linear encoding done earlier. The Companding stage in a PCM is the process by which an analogue signal is been compressed at the source and then expanded back to its original size when it gets to its destination. During this process, the signal is compressed into segments which are quantized using uniform quantization. As the sample signal increases, the compression increases (i.e. the larger samples gets more compressed than the smaller samples). The standard of companding used in this experiment is the A-law .The equation is; Where A = 87.7 in Europe and X is the normalized integer to be compressed. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION The toggle switch is changed back to a 4-bit companding and the TIMs A4 companding law pre-selected is selected from the switch board. This gave the measurement below; In PCM decoding, the TIMs PCM DECODER module is used for decoding. This is the first operation in the receiver towards regenerating the received pulses. Amplitude of the pulse generated is the linear sum of all pulses in the coded word. In other to be able to recover the information on the PCM decoder, the knowledge of the sampling rate used to encode the signal is essential. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION The setup is similar to the earlier setup with CH-1A connected to the scope selector to the PCM output of the PCM ENCODER.A large negative DC is used for the message, the alternating ‘0’ and ‘1’ bits produced are measured to be 1920ms apart. The 4-bit linear decoding scheme is now selected to carry out the decoding process. The 8.33 kHz TTL signal is stolen from the transmitter and connected to the clock input. Time division multiplexing (TDM) is an alternative to the method of multiplexing using frequency sharing. Each channel is allocated a specific time slots, and each slots contain frames which must be repeated at the sampling rate. It can only be used for pulsed signals and not for analogue signals because they are continuous in time. The importance of TDM is that it enables many independent signals to be transmitted. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION A PCM TDM signal could be generated using PCM ENCODER; each driven by the same clock ( one the MASTER and the other SLAVE).Interconnecting in this way eliminates other frames and gives room for the two output to be added together to form the TDM signal. The display on the oscilloscope is shown below; The connection of the MASTER and the SLAVE generates the diagram below; Patching up the two PCM data outputs generates the display below; The next step which is shown below is to confirm that the frame synchronization bit is a ‘1’ for the MASTER and ‘0’ for the SLAVE The last stage of this experiment is to separate the two messages that have been multiplexed earlier. The PCM demodulator is patched up, with each module receiving the same clock stolen from the transmitter and each module also receives an external FS signal. The diagram below confirms the two messages have been recovered and appear at the correct outputs; CONCLUSION Pulse Code Modulation is however a very effective way of conveying audio signal by sampling the signal and transmitting binary coded pulse representing the sample values. It has emerged the most favored modulating scheme for transmitting analogue information such as voice and video signals. The advantages of PCM over the other forms of modulation (e.g. analogue modulation) are; PCM suppresses wideband noise. It is effective in the regeneration of the coded signal along the transmission path. It enables digital multiplexing. It enables the efficient exchange of increased channel bandwidth for improved signal-to-noise ratio. All these advantages however come at the expense of increased system complexity and increases channel bandwidth. REFERENCES http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/PCM.html [last accessed 25/03/08] http://cbdd.wsu.edu/kewlcontent/cdoutput/TR502/page13.htm [last accessed 25/03/08] http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/788/signalling/waveform_coding.pdf [last accessed 25/03/08] http://www.comlab.hut.fi/opetus/245/2004/09_PCM.ppt#20 [last accessed 25/03/08] Rodger E.Ziener and William H.Tranter, â€Å"Principles of Communication†, Chapter 3, John Wiley and sons, NY, 2002. Simon Haykin, â€Å"Communication Systems†, Chapter 3, John Wiley and sons, NY, 2001. David Petersen, â€Å"Audio, Video and Data Telecommunications†, Chapter 2, McGraw-Hill, Cambridge, 1992.

Freedom of Speech in Cyberspace -- Argumentative Persuasive Internet E

Freedom of Speech in Cyberspace: Government Restrictions on Content in the United States of America (this essay is missing the url of each source cited) "Information wants to be free. The Internet fosters free speech on a global scale."[1] Introduction The Internet provides a gateway for an individual to speak freely and anonymously without being targeted to what he or she said. With this said, one of the biggest issues concerning the Internet today is freedom of speech. The issue of free speech on the Internet has been a topic of discussion around the world within the past years. It is a unique communication medium and is powerful than the traditional media[2]. Because the Internet can not be compared equally to other mediums of communication, it deserves the utmost freedom of speech protection from the government. The restriction of speech on the Internet takes away from individual's rights and freedom from experiencing the Internet's benefits and uses. Information found on the Internet is endless and boundless and this poses the question, "should the government be allowed to regulate the information and content being transmitted or posted online?" Free Speech on the Internet Free speech on the Internet is a very controversial subject and has been the key problem surrounding the Internet today. The attempt to regulate and govern the Internet is still pursued by government officials. This subject has been intensified due to terrorist attacks against the United States and around world within the past years. The government believes that by regulating the Internet, it will protect the general public from criminal actions and eliminate the exposure of children to pornography or vulgar language. Senator Jim Exon of ... ...eved 27 April 2004. Rosenthal, Elisabeth. "China Lists Controls To Restrict the Use Of E-mail and Web." The New York Times, 27 January 2000. Retrieved 26 April 2004. Smith, Craig, "Tough New Rules Don't Faze Chinese Internet Start-Ups," The New York Times, 4 October 2000. Retrieved 26 April 2004. Stewart, William. Key Internet Features - Freedom of Speech. Living Internet. Retrieved 20 April 2004. Unknown Author. An Overview of the Communications Decency Act (CDA). Center for Democracy & Technology. Retrieved 26 April 2004. Unknown Author. Communications Decency Act. Electronic Privacy Information Center. Retrieved 26 April 2004. Unknown Author. Communications Decency Act. Wikipedia. Retrieved 25 April 2004. Unknown Author. Introduction to Ethics. Engineering Handbook. Retrieved 20 April 2004.

Popularity of Juvenile Boot Camps

Juvenile Boot Camps are a rather new way of reintegration of the delinquent youth to the community and make them a useful and constructive part of it. This paper will discuss the effectiveness and popularity of juvenile boot camps. Effectiveness and Popularity of Juvenile Boot Camps: Juvenile Boot Camps have been introduced and proliferated in the United States in the 90s. The primary objective of creating these facilities is to develop an effective program, which would become efficiently helpful in rehabilitating the juvenile delinquent population.Though during these years the number of Juvenile Boot Camps has increased rapidly and nearly all the states have adopted some kind of juvenile, but the output is not hopeful. The recidivism rate is surprisingly high among the graduates of these programs. This disappointing progress and output is due to several factors. Lack of sound aftercare programs is the major problem because the delinquent juvenile after completing his rehabilitation program goes back into the same environment and faces the same problem again. If proper aftercare measures are not taken the juvenile will likely to recidivate.Another setback of the juvenile boot camps is the limited amount of delinquent youths it allows to join at a time. That is why these boot camps covers a very little portion of the juvenile population of the United States. Despite all these setbacks and disappointing performance the juvenile boot camps are very popular among the public and the political leadership. This is because juvenile crime is one of the major concerns of the country and the concerning authorities want to show some tangible actions taken in order to curb juvenile crimes.The public perceives these programs as an active and direct approach to curtail juvenile crimes. This is the main reason that despite all the failures the authorities are continuously increasing their spending on these boot camps and they have the consent of the public. References Tyler, J erry, Darville, Ray & Stalnaker, Kathi. (2001) Juvenile Boot Camps: A Descriptive Analysis of Program Diversity and Effectiveness, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX, USA.

Optimization of portfolio risk Essay

This paper is a critique one the article entitled â€Å"Post-Modern Portfolio Theory† by Swisher and Kasten (2005). The framework for this critique is to determine whether there ground to agree or disagree on the claims of the authors as against the evidence they presented. Swisher and Kasten asserted about the unreliability of Modern portfolio theory (MPT) and its mean-variance optimization (MVO) model for asset allocation in the financial services industry particularly on building portfolios. They instead suggested the use of post-modern portfolio theory (PMPT) which presents a new method of asset location that optimizes a portfolio based on return versus downside risk (down side optimization, or DRO) instead of MVO. What makes PMPT different from PMT as explained by the authors is its recognition that standard deviation as a poor proxy in relation to humans experience on risk. They are therefore arguing on the basis of behavioral finance which appears to be not evident under PMT in addition to mathematical implication of the model. They explained that risk is an emotional condition which may be â€Å"fear of a bad outcome such as fear of loss, fear of underperformance, or fear of failing to achieve a financial goal. † (Swisher and Kasten, 2005). They simply cannot equate risks with variability as they argue that risk is â€Å"more complex than simple variance† although they admitted that it (risk) may be modeled and described mathematically. The authors explained that downside risk (DR) is risk definition taken from three sub-measures which include downside frequency, mean downside deviation, and downside magnitude. They added that each sub-measure must be defined with reference to an investor-specific minimal acceptable return (MAR) (Swisher and Kasten, 2005) . In translating their mathematical analysis, Swisher and Kasten (2005) stated that â€Å"people like to make money, not lose† and the chance of making above-average amounts to money frequently is given a heavier weight as against a tiny chance of success in lottery. In other words, the investors would go where there are more chances so that it will be accepted as part of the chance when an investment may turn out to perform poorly but they would hope that it will not to perform very poorly or as often. Swisher and Kasten, (2005) acknowledged the elegance of the mathematical mode for describing the perfect investment although incidentally they found the model called modern portfolio theory (MPT) wrong. They acknowledged that the defect is the provision of inefficient portfolios which goes without saying the it is contradicting what it is supposed to accomplish, that is efficient asset allocation or building of portfolio. The same authors took courage in declaring that the primary reason why MPT produces inefficient portfolios is the erroneous act of equating standard deviation with risk. They explained that risk is something else, and there is a need to have a better mechanical framework to describe it. Their paper therefore suggested a better framework for building of better portfolios through downside risk optimization (DRO). They of course defined DRO as â€Å"optimization of portfolio risk versus return using downside risk as the definition of risk instead of standard deviation. † (Swisher and Kasten, 2005). To be more convincing in their proposed model for through the use of DRO under PMPT, Swisher and Kasten (2005) asserted that DRO is superior to MVO under MPT as an asset allocation tool using the following arguments in support: The first one is the possibility that standard deviation can lead to ridiculous results when used as a measure of risks while downside risk (DR) does the same more closely in capturing the human conception of risk as earlier defined. The second argument is the reality that financial asset returns do not behave as what a normal distribution tries to paint and assume, thus even if for the sake of argument volatility is taken as a perfect representation of risk, the result will still not work. The third one, which strengthened more their position, is the better performance of DRO over MVO when they demonstrated head to head comparison of portfolios (Swisher and Kasten, 2005). More importantly the result of the comparison the performance of the two produced conflicting results hence one could only be correct. This was in fact the authors’ basis in declaring that MPT produces inefficient portfolios. It can be concluded that there is basis to the claim of the authors that PMPT works better than MPT in building portfolios. They were able to demonstrate with evidence about their assertion by using DRO as against MVO in their comparison. There is basis to agree with the authors claim that PMPT points the way to an improved science of investing that incorporates not only DRO but also behavioral finance as against MPT. Given this reason and a number of failures caused by MPT in the past there is basis to give due credit to the proposal of the author for PMPT which justifies its use by investors and analysts as a better alternative in asset allocation. Reference: Swisher and Kasten (2005) Post-Modern Portfolio Theory, Journal of Financial Planning, {www document} URL http://www. fpanet. org/journal/articles/2005_Issues/jfp0905-art7. cfm, Accessed January 22,2008.